Overview
Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function over months or years. Early stages usually cause no symptoms, which is why people with diabetes or high blood pressure should have regular kidney tests.
Symptoms
- Often none in early stages
- Swelling of the feet and face
- Tiredness
- Passing less urine
- Nausea and loss of appetite
- Itching
- Breathlessness
When to see a doctor
- Breathlessness or chest pain
- Very little or no urine
- Confusion or extreme drowsiness
Causes
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Inflammation of the kidney filters (glomerulonephritis)
- Inherited conditions such as polycystic kidney disease
- Long-standing blockage from stones or prostate
- Overuse of some painkillers
Risk factors
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Family history
- Age
- Heart disease
- Obesity and smoking
Diagnosis
- Blood creatinine and eGFR
- Urine test for protein (albumin)
- Ultrasound of the kidneys
Treatment
- Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, and medicines that protect the kidneys.
- Diet advice and avoiding medicines that harm the kidneys.
- Relieving any blockage, such as stones or an enlarged prostate.
- Dialysis when kidney function is very low — an AV fistula is the preferred long-term access.
- Kidney transplantation for suitable patients.
Prevention
- Regular kidney tests if you have diabetes or high blood pressure
- Avoid regular painkiller use without advice
- Do not smoke
FAQs
Can kidney damage be reversed?
Lost function usually cannot be restored, but treatment can slow or stop further damage, especially when started early.
What is an AV fistula and why plan it early?
It is a connection made between an artery and a vein in the arm so that dialysis can be done safely. It needs several weeks to mature, so it is best created before dialysis is urgently needed.
Who can donate a kidney?
Living donation follows the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, with medical evaluation and approval by an authorisation committee. Our team explains the process.
Medical review: pending — Dr. Mukesh J. Shah · Content prepared October 2026. This guide is general information and does not replace a consultation.